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CSS Grid and Flexbox are powerful layout modules for modern web design. Flexbox excels at one-dimensional layouts: rows or columns. It distributes space along the main axis with powerful alignment properties. justify-content controls main axis alignment; align-items axis. flex-grow, flex-shrink, and flex-basis control item sizing. Flexbox is ideal for navigation bars, card rows, and centering content. Grid excels at two-dimensional layouts with rows and columns simultaneously. Define grid tracks with grid-template-columns and grid-template-rows. Place items using grid-column and grid-row or named grid areas. Grid supports auto-placement for dynamic content. gap property simplifies spacing in both Grid and Flexbox. Use minmax() for responsive grid tracks without media queries. auto-fill and auto-fit create responsive layouts automatically. Combine Grid for overall page layout with Flexbox for component-level layouts. Subgrid passes grid tracks to nested elements. Named grid lines make layout intentions clear. Both methods support responsive design without frameworks. Modern browsers support both layouts comprehensively. Understanding when to use each technique is crucial for efficient CSS development.